These cables transmit video data to monitors at high resolutions like 2560 x 1600, so these are mostly applicable in CRT monitors with a VGA connection. These arrangements are most common in suburban areas where local loop lengths are long and subscriber density is fairly high. In modern phone systems the loop power is provided by the switch. In newer equipment, battery voltage often comes not from batteries at all but from a regulated switch-mode power supply (that runs either off of external AC power or a battery bank of a potentially different voltage). In older phone switches, a float charger was continually connected to the batteries and so held the battery voltage higher (around 52-54v) whenever the exchange had utility power available. People will sometimes shorten this to say that the switch "provides battery," especially in situations like test equipment or military field phones where it isn't always obvious which end battery power will come from. In the case of phones providing power, the phone contained a battery which was occasionally replaced by the telco. This means that battery voltage is often described as -48v. Over the last 20 years, power companies have been pushing the state of the art in thyristor technology, more than doubling the device's power throughput and increasing its voltage by 50%. Further advances, such as the Voltage Sourced Converters (VSC) and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) may soon make smaller-scale DC transmission schemes economical.

Electric cables used to transmit information are quite different from power cables, both in function and in design. However, most cables also include a bare copper wire to function as a ground wire- so in effect, there is an extra conductor in each cable.A 14-3 (or 14/3) cable contains a total of four (4) 14 gauge wires, which would generally be used as two (2) hot wires, one neutral, and a ground wire. It really just depends on the device, and most telephones will function acceptably with well below 48v off-hook. Likely because of this, some countries such as Japan actually standardized 50v or 52v as the nominal off-hook potential. I'll mostly ignore this, but know that some of the parts of the telephone switch may actually be in a curb cabinet in your case. From the basement, pairs go to the main frame, basically a really big splice cabinet inside of the telephone exchange.

Originally, if you stopped paying your bill, a ticket would be generated for an exchange technician to un-splice your phone line at the main frame. If an outside plant technician has fixed your telephone problem by resplicing your house to a different pair, they will submit a ticket (originally a paper slip) to have the exchange technicians perform the same remapping on the main frame. When you complain, and the NID test shows the problem is on the telco side, they will likely just resplice your home telephone service onto a different pair back to the exchange. This swap from one pair to the other avoids the problem, which is a whole lot easier than fixing it. Actually fixing problems inside of telephone cables is a whole lot of work, and with subscriber numbers dwindling in cities there are usually lots of unused pairs so it's easy to swap them out.

This gives the telco a lot of flexibility in fixing problems. When examining the old wiring in your home, identifying the wire type can tell you a lot about the circuit the wiring belongs to (for example, if you open a junction box and need to determine which wires go where). These are typically very small wires that are much different from standard circuit wiring, and their costs tend to be lower than other household wires. Though armored cable can be installed in an exposed manner without the use of conduit, many installers opt to use conduit anyway if the wire will be in plain view, as the conduit makes for a much neater visual than the loose armored cable. The NID may be located in different places depending on the details of your house, when it was built, and when telephone service was installed. It may therefore be exactly 48v, but some of these power supplies are actually regulated to 50v to match the typical behavior of older equipment.

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